Abstract
Several life-threatening viruses have recently appeared, including the coronavirus, infecting a variety of human and animal hosts and causing a range of diseases like human upper respiratory tract infections. They not only cause serious human and animal deaths, but also cause serious public health problems worldwide. Currently, seven species are known to infect humans, namely SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1. The coronavirus nonstructural protein 16 (NSP16) structure is similar to the 5′-end capping system of mRNA used by eukaryotic hosts and plays a vital role in evading host immunity response and protects the nascent viral mRNA from degradation. NSP16 is also well-conserved among related coronaviruses and requires its binding partner NSP10 to activate its enzymatic activity. With the continued threat of viral emergence highlighted by human coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, mutant strains continue to appear, affecting the highly conserved NSP16: this provides a possible therapeutic approach applicable to any novel coronavirus. To this end, current information on the 2′-O-MTase activity mechanism, the differences between NSP16 and NSP10 in human coronaviruses, and the current potential prevention and treatment strategies related to NSP16 are summarized in this review.
Highlights
The loss NSP10 of the and nonstructural protein 16 (NSP16) leads to the inhibition of viral replication, which indicates that formation of the complex is an essential step in the life cycle of coronavirus [25]
Phylogenetic analysis to determine formed a cluster with MERS-CoV (53.9% identity), while HCoV-NL63 and HCo the evolution of human coronaviruses using NCBI(Figure
Over the past few centuries, coronaviruses have repeatedly emerged from zoonotic reservoirs and are important emerging human pathogens
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. SARS-CoV-2 has approximately 79% genome similarity with. SARS-CoV was first identified in 2002 and diagnosed in Southern China [10], with a case fatality rate of approximately 3% [11]. As of September 2019, the global case count for MERS-CoV was 2468 laboratory-confirmed cases, including 851. SARS-CoV-2 was identified in December 2019 [1] and has since become a global pandemic [2]. As of February 2021, 105,394,301 confirmed COVID-19 cases have been reported by WHO globally, including 2,302,302 deaths, having a case fatality rate of 2.18% [14]. The loss NSP10 of the and NSP16 leads to the inhibition of viral replication, which indicates that formation of the complex is an essential step in the life cycle of coronavirus [25]
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