NP-completeness and One Polynomial Subclass of the Two-Step Graph Colouring Problem

Abstract

In this paper, we study the two-step colouring problem for an undirected connected graph. It is required to colour the graph in a given number of colours in a way, when no pair of vertices has the same colour, if these vertices are at a distance of 1 or 2 between each other. Also the corresponding recognition problem is set. The problem is closely related to the classical graph colouring problem. In the article, we study and prove the polynomial reduction of the problems to each other. So it allows us to prove NP-completeness of the problem of two-step colouring. Also we specify some of its properties. Special interest is paid to the problem of two-step colouring in application to rectangular grid graphs. The maximum vertex degree in such a graph is between 0 and 4. For each case, we elaborate and prove the function of two-vertex colouring in the minimum possible number of colours. The functions allow each vertex to be coloured independently from others. If vertices are examined in a sequence, colouring time is polynomial for a rectangular grid graph.