Abstract

We propose the novel optimization method for femtosecond laser writing of waveguides in lithium niobate (LN) crystal with low propagation loss. In this method, Raman spectroscopy is used to obtain detailed structural changes such as amorphization. As proof of the method's effectiveness, we succeeded in fabricating a depressed-cladding LN waveguides at telecom wavelengths with the lowest propagation loss ever reported.

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