Novel on-site sample preparation approach with a portable agitator using functional polymer-coated multi-fibers for the microextraction of organophosphorus pesticides in seawater

Abstract

A novel on-site sample preparation approach for the organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) using functional polymer-coated fibers with a portable agitation device has been developed and demonstrated. In this approach, a handheld battery-operated electric toothbrush was used to provide agitation of the sample solution at the sampling site to facilitate extraction. A functional conjugated polymer (2-(9,9- bis(6-bromo-2-ethylhexyl)9- H-fluoren-2-yl)benzene-1,4-diamine) was coated on commercial Technora fibers (each strand consisted of 1000 filaments, each of diameter ca. 9.23 μm) which were then used for extraction. After extraction, the fibers were brought back to the laboratory in an icebox. The analytes were subsequently desorbed by organic solvent and the extract was analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Six OPPs, triethylphosphorothiolate, thionazin, sulfotep, phorate, disulfoton and parathion were used as model compounds. Experimental parameters such as extraction time, desorption time, types of polymer fibers and fiber coatings as well the nature of desorption solvent were optimized in the laboratory prior to its on-site application of the procedure. Using optimum extraction conditions calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficient of 0.9748–0.9998 over the concentration range of 0.1–10 μg l −1. The method detection limits (at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3) were in the range of 0.3–30.3 ng l −1, which were lower than what could be achieved with solid-phase extraction performed at the laboratory. The proposed method was evaluated for the on-site extraction of OPPs in seawater samples.