Abstract
We report on the first preparation of graphene capsule–aminoporphyrin nanohybrids and their application in photodynamic therapy of cancer.
Highlights
Graphene has attracted tremendous research interest due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties in various elds such as electronic devices, photonic devices, energy conversion and storage, nanocomposites, catalysis, and biosensing.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12] To date, many research works have focused on graphene sheets
Among these graphene materials with different morphologies, only a few reports are available in the literature about the preparation and application of graphene capsules that were prepared by assembling lowdimensional graphene sheets
The graphene oxide (GO) sheets and hydrazine hydrate were used as precursors of the graphene capsules and reducing agent, respectively
Summary
PDT is a promising cancer treatment modality owing to its minimally invasive nature, fewer side effects, cost-effectiveness, and its nondamaging effects on healthy tissue, which may help to avoid the disadvantages of conventional modalities.[19,20,21,22] PDT has been used in extensive investigations and has emerged as a disease site speci c treatment modality. Cancerous cells are locally killed by reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially singlet oxygen (1O2), which is generated by the PS.[23] In the past few decades, Hu et al have published several important works on the PDT effects of graphene-based nanohybrids.[24,25,26,27,28,29] For nanometer carbon materials, green-light-emitting carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have been conjugated with Ce6 to improve their biocompatibility and light emission intensity and this composite has a PDT anticancer effect.[30] In addition, it was reported that graphene quantum dots (GQDs) passivated with polyethylene glycol derivatives could generate 1O2 upon irradiation with blue light.[31]. The GC–aminoporphyrin nanohybrids were used as a photosensitizer to kill cancer cells in vitro and to inhibit the growth of tumors in vivo
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