Abstract
Integration of distributed energy resources (DER) has always posed a challenge. Smart inverters have started playing a crucial role in efficient integration of DERs. With the basic functionalities of traditional inverters in place, smart inverters can provide grids with related ancillary services either from the customer side or from the utility as well. The ancillary/augmented service from smart inverters includes the concept of reactive power exchange with the grid. Such grid support functions includes the functionalities of photovoltaic/plug in electric vehicles (PV/PEV) inverters as a static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) by performing virtual detuning, temporary over voltage (TOV) mitigation, voltage regulation, frequency support and ride through capabilities. As the penetration levels of DERs have gone up, the need for such ancillary services has grown as well. This paper is organized in such a way that it will serve as a benchmark for smart inverter technologies in the form of a review. It includes several domains involving the applications, advanced and coordinated control, topologies and many more aspects that are associated with smart inverters based on reactive power compensation schemes for ancillary services. Apart from that, the applications those are associated with smart inverters in the smart grid domain are also highlighted in this paper.
Highlights
The phrase “smart inverters” are a hybrid version of traditional inverters that are interfaced with photovoltaic (PV), wind and plug in electric vehicles (PEV) with specialized controllers for performing ancillary services like reactive power injection and absorption
This paper presents the dexterous exertion/efficacy of Intelligent Hybrid inverters as smart inverters that can perform ancillary grid related services/applications for the better reliability and performance of the grid, in the form of a review
The basic principle of operation of a smart inverter is similar to a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) where it could operate in an inductive mode or a capacitive mode
Summary
The phrase “smart inverters” are a hybrid version of traditional inverters that are interfaced with photovoltaic (PV), wind and plug in electric vehicles (PEV) with specialized controllers for performing ancillary services like reactive power injection and absorption. A common understanding is that a smart inverter has communication capabilities and can provide additional and advanced control functions, in many cases autonomous functions beyond its basic power conversion and energy feeding functionalities It is called an intelligent hybrid inverter or a multifunctional inverter. Various stakeholders, such as industries, utilities, government and standards bodies have been working together to develop common, standardized control functionalities for interconnection and interoperability of DERs with electric power systems These efforts address various issues from standard control functions, information and data models, communication protocols and grid codes to compliance and certification testing. One such standard developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for Distributed Generators is IEEE 1547 standard and IEEE.
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