Carbon-Aware Operation of Resilient Vertical Farms in Active Distribution Networks

Abstract

Emerging utilization of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Distribution Networks (DNs) decreases the power quality in the DN. The main quest of this research is to find out Can EVs and Photovoltaic (PV) systems support the DN and mitigate the voltage magnitude violations due to utilizing high penetration level EV? This article proposes a novel volt/VAR optimization (VVO) model by leveraging the reactive power support of EVs and PVs as Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) for the DN. The proposed VVO model contains the second-order conic relaxed form of the AC power flow equations. Thus, the presented VVO problem is a Mixed-Integer Second-Order Cone Programming (MISOCP) problem. To obtain the ability to support the DN, Smart Inverters (SIs) are utilized to connect EVs and PV systems to the DN. Thus, to add the PV and EV systems to the convexified form of the VVO problem, the P-Q characteristics and the model of SIs working at different operating points are presented based on experimental results. The proposed model of SIs allows the participation of DERs in the reactive power compensation to mitigate voltage issues of DN due to utilizing high penetration level EVs. Besides, the proposed model of SIs enables DERs to increase their dispatchability. The performance of the proposed model is examined in the case studies using the IEEE 33-bus system and the 123-bus system. It is illustrated in the case studies that the solar dispatchability increases by 12% when the proposed volt/VAR model is utilized for IEEE 33-bus system. Besides, it is illustrated in the case studies that the voltage profile of buses remains in the desired operating range when the proposed model is leveraged, even if the penetration level of EVs increased to 40%.