Abstract
The Red Sea is a marine environment with unique chemical characteristics and physical topographies. Among the various habitats offered by the Red Sea, the deep-sea brine pools are the most extreme in terms of salinity, temperature and metal contents. Nonetheless, the brine pools host rich polyextremophilic bacterial and archaeal communities. These microbial communities are promising sources for various classes of enzymes adapted to harsh environments – extremozymes. Extremozymes are emerging as novel biocatalysts for biotechnological applications due to their ability to perform catalytic reactions under harsh biophysical conditions, such as those used in many industrial processes. In this review, we provide an overview of the extremozymes from different Red Sea brine pools and discuss the overall biotechnological potential of the Red Sea proteome.
Highlights
Over the past decade, the interest and demand for green chemistry and green biotechnology has increased steadily (Wenda et al, 2011)
The γ-carbonic anhydrase CA_D backbone worked as a scaffold, preserving the halophilicity and thermophilicity while increasing the activity. These mutagenesis and chimerization studies, along with studies conducted on extremozymes from other sources, enhance our understanding of structural adaptations to polyextremophily and contribute to engineering approaches to introduce stability characteristics to mesophilic proteins
Extremozymes from deep-sea extremophiles have emerged as a promising source for novel and robust enzyme variants that are much needed for use in industrial settings
Summary
The interest and demand for green chemistry and green biotechnology has increased steadily (Wenda et al, 2011). Atlantis Deep II, Discovery Deep, and Kebrit are the best studied brine pools of the Red Sea (Hartmann et al, 1998; Swift et al, 2012; Schmidt et al, 2015). Several polyextremophilic microbes thrive under these conditions (Eder et al, 2001; Wang et al, 2011, 2013; Siam et al, 2012; Bougouffa et al, 2013; Abdallah et al, 2014; Grotzinger et al, 2014; Guan et al, 2015; Ziko et al, 2019) These microbial communities are adapted to high salinity (4–26%) and to elevated temperatures, low oxygen concentrations, and high concentrations of heavy metals (Craig, 1966; Hartmann et al, 1998; Schmidt et al, 2003; Antunes et al, 2011). Metabolome studies of extremophilic microbiota in the Red Sea brine pools in Atlantis II, Kebrit and Discovery deeps predicted several new TABLE 1 | Extremozymes from the Red Sea brine pools
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