Abstract
This research proposes a novel emission dispatch formulation which solves for the optimal amount of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources (RES) that minimizes emission while ensuring short-term frequency stability of the power system. Unlike emission dispatch of previous research, which often neglected the added risks associated with more RES, the proposed formulation is characterized by the addition of (a) short-term frequency stability constraint and (b) EVs and RES capacity defined as part of the optimization variables. These two characteristics are utilized to solve for a risk-inclusive solution to the emission dispatch problem which gives a more realistic prospect to reducing emissions. Three test areas, loosely based on OECD countries, illustrate the effect of the proposed formulation where several insights about emission reductions are revealed.
Highlights
CO2 emission levels increased from variation A to B in areas 1 and 3, while remained constant in area 2
The first insight is about the relationship between short-term frequency stability and emission levels
This research presented a novel emission dispatch formulation characterized by (a) an addition of a short-term frequency stability constraint based on a cutting plane method and (b) addition of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources (RES) as optimization variables
Summary
According to the UN, to limit global warming to 1.5 C, global net CO2 emissions must drop by 45 % between 2010 and 2030, and eventually reach net zero around 2050 [1]. These goals are not met across the world [2]. Meeting CO2 emission reduction goals require substantial changes to many sectors: the two notable sectors are transportation and power. Since these two sectors account for more than half of total emissions in countries such as the U.S [3], renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs) have been growing rapidly in the last decade [4] [5]
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