Abstract
BackgroundBrown adipocytes are known to promote energy expenditure and limit weight gain to combat obesity. Averrhoa bilimbi, locally called belimbing buluh (DBB), is mainly used as an ethnomedicine in the treatment of metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity. The present study aims to investigate the browning activity on white adipocytes by A. bilimbi leaf extract and to evaluate the potential mechanisms.MethodsEthanolic leaf extract of A. bilimbi was exposed to Myf5 lineage precursor cells to stimulate adipocyte differentiation. Protein expressions of brown adipocyte markers were determined through high content screening analysis and validated through western blotting. Mito Stress Test assay was conducted to evaluate the cellular oxygen consumption rate upon A. bilimbi treatment.ResultsA. bilimbi ethanolic leaf extract exhibited an adipogenesis effect similar to a PPARgamma agonist. It also demonstrated brown adipocyte differentiation in myoblastic Myf5-positive precursor cells. Expression of UCP1 and PRDM16 were induced. The basal metabolic rate and respiratory capacity of mitochondria were increased upon A. bilimbi treatment.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that Averrhoa bilimbi ethanolic leaf extract induces adipocyte browning through PRDM16 activation and enhances mitochondria activity due to UCP1 up-regulation.
Highlights
Brown adipocytes are known to promote energy expenditure and limit weight gain to combat obesity
Fundamental to the development of obesity is an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, which leads to excessive deposition of white adipocyte depots
Differentiation of adipocytes in Myf5 lineage precursor cells The C2C12 cell line was used as a model system to investigate the effects of bilimbi leaf extract (DBB) on brown adipogenesis in this study
Summary
Brown adipocytes are known to promote energy expenditure and limit weight gain to combat obesity. Locally called belimbing buluh (DBB), is mainly used as an ethnomedicine in the treatment of metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity. Obesity has become a major public health threat due to the sedentary lifestyle and inactivity in the society. This complex disorder warrants discovery of effective therapeutic modalities to control the epidemic, as well as its associated disorders including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Fundamental to the development of obesity is an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, which leads to excessive deposition of white adipocyte depots. Classical brown adipocyte is mainly found in the interscapular and
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