The heat is on: a new avenue to study brown fat formation in humans

Abstract

The ever increasing rates of obesity and its co-morbidities represent a significant worldwide health problem (Pijl, 2011). An effective and innovative strategy to reduce body weight would be to increase energy expenditure by altering the character of adipose tissue in the body. This approach does not merely aim to eliminate, white adipose tissue (WAT), our reservoirs of energy storage. Rather, its objective is to replace and/or add to WAT depots with highly energetic brown adipocytes. Although brown adipocytes are capable of synthesizing and storing triglyceride, they are functionally different from white adipocytes, playing an important role in heat production, blood triglyceride clearance, and glucose disposal (Cannon and Nedergaard, 2004; Nedergaard et al., 2010; Bartelt et al., 2011). Both WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are found in specific depots throughout the body (Cinti, 2005). The amount of active BAT found in the supraclavicular region of some human subjects, ~63 g, would be sufficient to metabolize an amount of energy equivalent to about 4 kg of WAT during the course of 1 year (Fruhbeck et al., 2009; Virtanen et al., 2009). Indeed, the weight loss potential of activated BAT is borne out of the estimation that as little as 50 g is sufficient to metabolize 20% of the daily energy needs of an individual (Rothwell and Stock, 1983). Adipocytes are not restricted to their depot subtype, as brown adipocytes can also be found in WAT and vice versa (Cinti, 2005). Brown adipocytes found interspersed within WAT are known by a variety of names, including adaptive or recruitable fat cells, brown in white (brite) cells, or beige cells (Enerback, 2009; Ishibashi and Seale, 2010; Petrovic et al., 2010). Hence, increasing the numbers of brite cells within WAT depots represents an innovative approach to reduce weight gain. In this report Pisani et al. (2011) characterize the formation of brite adipocytes in vitro from the trans-differentiation of human white adipocytes. For their experiments, they differentiated mesenchymal stem cells, which were isolated from WAT depots of human subjects, first into white adipocytes, and subsequently trans-differentiating them into brown adipocytes. These human multipotent adipose derived stem (hMADS) cells have the potential to differentiate into different mesodermal lineages not restricted to adipocytes, which include myoblasts and osteoblasts (Rodriguez et al., 2005; Elabd et al., 2007, 2009; Figure ​Figure1).1). The trans-differentiated white adipocytes formed brown adipocytes with enhanced uncoupling activity with the salient expression of the brown adipocyte marker UCP1. The brown phenotype was further authenticated by the enhanced mitochondriogenesis with increased levels of the fatty acid transporter CPT1B and cytochrome c oxidase activity. Figure 1 Differentiation potential of hMADS cells. Human multipotent adipose derived stem (hMADS) cells isolated from white adipose tissue (WAT) of human donors can differentiate into osteoblasts, myoblasts, white and brown adipocytes. Although brown adipocytes ... Pisani et al. (2011) found the brown adipocytes made from hMADS was dependent on agonist sustained activation of PPARγ, chiefly rosiglitazone. As with brown cell formation in WAT depots of mice, the brown adipocytes that were formed did not appear to have originated from a skeletal muscle, Myf5-expressing progenitor (Seale et al., 2008). However, unlike mouse brown adipocyte differentiation, brown conversion of hMADS cells was not stimulated by BMP7 treatment and was not modulated by activation of the Hedgehog pathway (Tseng et al., 2008; Pospisilik et al., 2010). Moreover, the brown adipocyte determination factor, PRDM16, was expressed at similar levels in both white and brown adipocytes (Seale et al., 2008). This is counter to the recent findings supporting the important involvement of PRDM16 in brite cell formation within the subcutaneous inguinal fat pads of mice (Seale et al., 2011). This discrepancy in hMADS cells may be species specific. However, it does not rule out the possibility that PRDM16 might be controlled at a different level (i.e. protein or activity) in hMADS cells that is not manifested by the differentiation approach used by Pisani et al. (2011). Although, Pisani et al. (2011) provide compelling evidence for transdifferentiation of white into brown adipocytes in vitro, there are other potential avenues to recruit brown adipocytes within WAT depots. Notably, newly formed brown adipocytes in WAT could be derived from: a common white preadipocyte, a WAT specific brown preadipocyte, or by the mobilization of uncommitted MSCs into a brown adipocyte lineage (Scime et al., 2005; Figure ​Figure1).1). These alternative avenues to recruit brown adipocytes may depend on a particular physiological state. hMADS cells will now make it possible to study these different potentialities in vitro. Overall, the work of Pisani et al. provides an important approach to understand the in vitro mechanisms for human brown adipocyte development in WAT. Unlocking the pathways and cues required for brown cell activation in humans will lead to promising avenues for drug therapies against obesity.