Abstract
Chronic wounds have made a challenge in medical healthcare due to their biofilm infections, which reduce the penetrance of the antibacterial agents in the injury site. In infected wounds, the most common bacterial strains are Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofilm disruption in chronic wounds is crucial in wound healing. Due to their broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and fewer side effects, anti-biofilm peptides, especially bacteriocins, are promising in the healing of chronic wounds by biofilm destruction. This study reviews the effects of antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agents, including bacteriocins and protease enzymes as a novel approach, on wound healing, along with analyzing the molecular docking between a bacterial protease and biofilm components. Among a large number of anti-biofilm bacteriocins identified up to now, seven types have been registered in the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) database. Although it is believed that bacterial proteases are harmful in wound healing, it has recently been demonstrated that these proteases like the human serine protease, in combination with AMPs, can improve wound healing by biofilm destruction. In this work, docking results between metalloprotease from Paenibacillus polymyxa and proteins of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa involved in biofilm production, showed that this bacterial protease could efficiently interact with biofilm components. Infected wound healing is an important challenge in clinical trials due to biofilm production by bacterial pathogens. Therefore, simultaneous use of proteases or anti-biofilm peptides with antimicrobial agents could be a promising method for chronic wound healing.
Highlights
Skin is the largest organ in our body that acts as a physical barrier and protects it from environmental threats
Skin damage repair is an ip active process including three overlapping stages (i) Inflammation stage, with increasing the blood components in the wound site, resulting in platelet accumulation, blood coagulation, and r inflammatory cell migration to the injury site. (ii) Reproduction stage, with the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, which cause tissue recovery and c granulation. (iii) Remodeling stage, which causes tissue structural integrity and functional competence. In some cases, such as immunocompromised patients,[2] these wounds s are infected by bacterial pathogens having biofilms, resulting in a chronic infected wound.[3]
The effect of the AMPs, especially anti-biofilm bacteriocins, and proteases te as a novel method are reviewed in wound healing
Summary
Skin is the largest organ in our body that acts as a physical barrier and protects it from environmental threats. The effect of the AMPs, especially anti-biofilm bacteriocins, and proteases te as a novel method are reviewed in wound healing. A study has shown that this bacteriocin acts against 14 Staphylococcal strains, isolated from human infections and bovine mastitis, all of which are biofilm producers This AMP inhibits planktonic cells, pre-biofilms, and mature biofilms in these strains.[72] t 5.2.6 VLL-28 ip In a study in 2015, a novel cyclic-AMP (cAMP)-like peptide, VLL-28, was isolated and characterized in Sulfolobus islandicus (S. islandicus), which had widespread antibacterial activity. This combination of antibacterial and anti-biofilm agents treated infected chronic wounds The application of this conjugation with ciprofloxacin enhanced the bactericidal effect of this antibiotic.[83]. Antibacterial and antibiofilm d activity of the bacteriocin-producing strain Leuconostoc mesenteroides CHBY46 isolated from Algerian dromedary milk against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus te biofilms. AMPs, with dual anti-biofilm and wound healing activities, registered in the AMPs database
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