Abstract
An extraction technology works on the principle of two consecutive steps that involves mixture of solute with solvent and the movement of soluble compounds from the cell into the solvent and its consequent diffusion and extraction. The conventional extraction techniques are mostly based on the use of mild/high temperatures (50–90 °C) that can cause thermal degradation, are dependent on the mass transfer rate, being reflected on long extraction times, high costs, low extraction efficiency, with consequent low extraction yields. Due to these disadvantages, it is of interest to develop non-thermal extraction methods, such as microwave, ultrasounds, supercritical fluids (mostly using carbon dioxide, SC-CO2), and high hydrostatic pressure-assisted extractions which works on the phenomena of minimum heat exposure with reduced processing time, thereby minimizing the loss of bioactive compounds during extraction. Further, to improve the stability of these extracted compounds, nano-encapsulation is required. Nano-encapsulation is a process which forms a thin layer of protection against environmental degradation and retains the nutritional and functional qualities of bioactive compounds in nano-scale level capsules by employing fats, starches, dextrins, alginates, protein and lipid materials as encapsulation materials.
Highlights
Bioactive compounds known as secondary metabolites are widely present in plant matrix and over the past few decades, several in vitro and in vivo reports including epidemiological, and cohort studies provide evidence that consumption of plant-based food provides protection against several diseases
The as phase called tCER, wherein the compound is packed inside the solute, leading to convection mass the cell membrane fails to remain intact; (c) diffusion control (DC) and the phase is cal falling (FER) andcorroded the phase is called wherein convection tDC.transfer; In tDC,(b) the lipidextraction layer is rate completely and thetFER, diffusion starts inside the pl is combined with diffusion mechanism as the external lipid layer of the cell membrane matrix; maximum extraction is achieved
Liu et al [76] studied the effect of high-pressure treatment on cell membrane of ginseng roots using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results reveal that the damaged/ruptured cell membrane was clearly identified in the high-pressure-treated sample compared to untreated samples, and it is concluded that High Hydrostatic Pressure-Assisted Extraction (HHPAE) enhances the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds in plant matrix
Summary
Bioactive compounds known as secondary metabolites are widely present in plant matrix and over the past few decades, several in vitro and in vivo reports including epidemiological, and cohort studies provide evidence that consumption of plant-based food provides protection against several diseases. It is essential to protect the extracted bioactive compound post extraction and purification, as these compounds are highly sensitive to environment exposure including moisture and high temperature (sensitive under heat, light, oxygen) Protection techniques such as nanoencapsulation are used to ensure that biological activity of these compounds is preserved until they reach and perform their function at the targeted location in the human body. Maximum Basically, bioactive the different categories including terpenes/terpenoids, alkaloids compounds extracted from three plant matrix belong to the as terpenoids family.
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