Novel amide- and imide-co-polymers modified with sulfathiazole as efficient chelator for selective extraction, pre-concentration and determination of trace inorganic antimony (as Sb(III)) from edible vegetable oils by ultrasound assisted-cloud point extraction coupled to micro-volume UV-spectrophotometry

Abstract

The study described the synthesis, characterization, and application of newly prepared sulfathiazole-modified amide/imide co-polymers for the extraction of trace Sb(III) from edible vegetable oils. The method was based on the pH-dependent complexation between Sb(III) and chelators as a result of charge transfer via tautomerization in presence of the mixed ionic surfactants in 5%(v/v) 2-propanol, 1:1, v/v) at pH 2.0 and 8.0, respectively for amide and imide copolymers and then selectively ultrasound assisted-cloud point extraction of the Sb(III)-complexes into the micellar phase of extractant. The separated micellar phase by centrifugation was diluted to 0.4 mL with tetrahydrofuran, and detected at 269 nm by micro-volume UV-spectrophotometry. The parameters affecting extraction efficiency were optimized. The optimal extraction conditions were found to be: 0.6/0.8 mmol L−1 of McIlvaine buffer, 30 µmol L−1 of the mixed-ionic surfactant mixture, 120 µmol L−1 KCl, 0.1/0.06% (v/v) of the nonionic surfactant and (0.4/0.2)× 10−3%(w/v) of sulfathiazole-modified amide/imide copolymers at pH 2.0 and 8.0 for 7 min at 40 °C in an ultrasonic bath (40 kHz, 300 W). From preconcentration of 20-mL sample, the good linear relationships (r2 ≥0.995) between absorbance and Sb(III) concentration were obtained from calibration curves prepared in solvent in range of 1–40 and 1–62.5 µg L−1 with the method detection limits of 0.30/0.47 and 0.51/0.51 µg L−1 at 269 nm by spectrophotometer after 50-fold pre-concentration. The accuracy was statistically verified by analysis of a non-certified sample with and without spiking where the precision and relative recoveries are within 5–12% and 83–92%, respectively. Also, the matrix effect was evaluated by triplicate measurements of 25 µg L−1 Sb(III) (n: 3) under optimal conditions. The method was successfully applied into the analysis of total iSb levels of edible vegetable oils. The results shown that the STZ-modified amide/imide co-polymers were efficient selective chelators even in presence of 50-fold excess Sb(V), and exhibited great potential as alternative binding chelators for the extraction of Sb(III) from edible vegetable oils.