Abstract
The need to protect sensitive data is growing, and environmental data are now considered sensitive. The application of last-generation procedures such as blockchains coupled with the implementation of new air quality monitoring technology allows the data protection and validation. In this work, the use of a blockchain applied to air pollution data is proposed. A blockchain procedure has been designed and tested. An Internet of Things (IoT)-based sensor network provides air quality data in terms of particulate matter of two different diameters, particulate matter (PM)10 and PM2.5, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations. The dataset also includes meteorological parameters and vehicular traffic information. This work foresees that the data, recovered from traditional Not Structured Query Language (NoSQL) database, and organized according to some specifications, are sent to the Ethereum blockchain daily automatically and with the possibility to choose the period of interest manually. There was also the development of a transaction management and recovery system aimed at retrieving data, formatting it according to the specifications and organizing it into files of various formats. The blockchain procedure has therefore been used to track data provided by air quality monitoring networks unequivocally.
Highlights
Air quality, water purity, atmospheric CO2 concentration, etc., are some examples of environmental parameters that are degrading due to human activities [1].In particular, the levels of air pollution have changed in recent years, attracting the interest of governance, municipalities, and citizens [2]
This work foresees that the data, recovered from traditional Not Structured Query Language (NoSQL) database, and organized according to some specifications, are sent to the Ethereum blockchain daily automatically and with the possibility to choose the period of interest manually
According to the European Environment Agency (EEA), in 2015, about a quarter of Europeans living in urban areas were exposed to levels of air pollution higher than those required by some EU air quality standards and up to 96% of EU citizens who live in urban areas have been exposed to harmful levels of air pollutants according to the World Health Organization (WHO) [6]
Summary
Water purity, atmospheric CO2 concentration, etc., are some examples of environmental parameters that are degrading due to human activities [1]. By increasing the temporal resolution of these systems, it is possible to improve the reliability of the measurements and the quantity of data collected This new technology, defined as a Real-Time On-Road Monitoring Station (ROM), represents a new concept of air quality sensing devices designed to be located on a moving vehicle within the urban area, to measure pollutant levels in space and time. BAlocbklcohcakinchain is a timestamp set (a digital record of the time of occurrence of a particular event) of immuAtabbloleckdcahtaairneciosradtsimeasntaagmedp bseyta(aclduisgtietraol freccoomrdpuotfetrhsentoitmoewonfeodcbcuyraresnincgeloefeantpitayr.tiFcuurltahreervmeonrte), of immutable data records managed by a cluster of computers not owned by a single entity It is defined as a sub-family of technologies structured as a chain of blocks containing the transactions whose validation is entrusted to an approval mechanism, distributed on all the nodes of the network. Contracts are written in Ethereum high-level language, transformed into byte code with an EVM compiler and uploaded to the blockchain with an Ethereum client
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