Abstract
What do we need for sustainable artificial intelligence that is not harmful but beneficial human life? This paper builds up the interaction model between direct and autonomous learning from the human’s cognitive learning process and firms’ open innovation process. It conceptually establishes a direct and autonomous learning interaction model. The key factor of this model is that the process to respond to entries from external environments through interactions between autonomous learning and direct learning as well as to rearrange internal knowledge is incessant. When autonomous learning happens, the units of knowledge determinations that arise from indirect learning are separated. They induce not only broad autonomous learning made through the horizontal combinations that surpass the combinations that occurred in direct learning but also in-depth autonomous learning made through vertical combinations that appear so that new knowledge is added. The core of the interaction model between direct and autonomous learning is the variability of the boundary between proven knowledge and hypothetical knowledge, limitations in knowledge accumulation, as well as complementarity and conflict between direct and autonomous learning. Therefore, these should be considered when introducing the interaction model between direct and autonomous learning into navigations, cleaning robots, search engines, etc. In addition, we should consider the relationship between direct learning and autonomous learning when building up open innovation strategies and policies.
Highlights
Discovery involves collaboration among man’s intellectual activities [1]
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interaction model between direct and autonomous learning (IMBDAL) presents a newly conceptualized learning model that can be applied to machine learning that is centered on the characteristics of humans’ autonomous learning
Summary
Discovery involves collaboration among man’s intellectual activities [1]. That is, new knowledge can be found by having collaboration with the environment or other colleagues [2]. The ability to learn new knowledge is one of the major characteristics of humans who are autonomous agents [4]. Because human learning has various nonhomogeneous kinds of learning in itself, the concepts to specify human learning separately are utilized in order to specify human learning differentiated from the foregoing concept. They are direct learning, which means learning by direct teaching, and autonomous learning, which means learning by humans’ recombination of the results of direct learning [8,9,10,11,12,13]. The present study includes the learning within the boundaries of organizations like firms in an open regional innovation system [17]
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