Abstract

The notion of normal numbers was first introduced by Emile Borel [3] in 1909. He considered the decimal expansion of real numbers in the unit interval to the base r and assuming that every digit of their decimal expansions is independent and also takes all possible values 0,1, ・ ・・ and r-1 with equal probability, he proved that almost all real numbers are normal to the base r in the sense of Lebesgue measure. For a real number w, we denote {w} the fractional part of w defined by

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