Nonlinear Mixed Convective Analysis of Thomson and Troian Slip Flow Conditions for Ag–Cu–TiO2/H2O Hybrid Nanofluid Over a Riga Plate

Abstract

The use of nanofluids to improve thermal performance is a significant area of research. In this study, a ternary nanofluid (composed of water suspending silver, copper, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles) was used to investigate flow characteristics over a Riga plate. The analysis included Thomson and Troian slip conditions, variable viscosity, and nonlinear mixed convection. After establishing the dynamics of the flow accurately, the partial differential equations representing these formulations were transformed into dimensionless nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations. A solution methodology using the Chebyshev collocation method was developed to assess the impact of key physical parameters. The results obtain demonstrated consistency with existing literature under limiting flow conditions. The Hartmann number ( Υ ∈ [ 0.0 , 1.5 ] ) was found to increase the velocity of the ternary nanofluid by approximately 3.24 % , while slightly reducing both temperature by about 0.58 % and nanoparticle concentration by about 1.38 % in the flow distribution. In contrast, varying the mass Grashof parameter ( Λ 3 ∈ [ 0.0 , 0.3 ] ) decreased fluid velocity but promoted higher temperature and concentration distributions. The decrease in nanoparticle concentration of the ternary nanofluid due to increasing ϕ 3 * ∈ [ 0.01 , 0.09 ] led to sedimentation of ϕ 1 * and ϕ 2 * .