Abstract
Noninvasive glucose monitoring will greatly improve diabetes management. We applied Wavelength-Modulated Differential Laser Photothermal Radiometry (WM-DPTR) to noninvasive glucose measurements in human skin in vitro in the mid-infrared range. Glucose measurements in human blood serum diffused into a human skin sample (1 mm thickness from abdomen) in the physiological range (21-400 mg/dl) demonstrated high sensitivity and accuracy to meet wide clinical detection requirements. It was found that the glucose sensitivity could be tuned by adjusting the intensity ratio and phase difference of the two laser beams in the WM-DPTR system. The measurement results demonstrated the feasibility of the development of WM-DPTR into a clinically viable noninvasive glucose biosensor.
Highlights
We have reported preliminary in vitro serum glucose measurements in human skin using Wavelength-Modulated Differential Laser Photothermal Radiometry (WM-DPTR)
The measurement results in the physiological range (21 mg/dl – 400 mg/dl) demonstrate that WM-DPTR can be used to detect glucose diffused into human skin with high sensitivity
The results exhibit the tunability of the sensitivity of the WM-DPTRtechnique with two important parameters, amplitude ratio R and phase difference dP which are controlled by the laser intensity ratio and the modulation phases
Summary
For more than two decades researchers have been exploring techniques which could measure blood glucose noninvasively. The spectral range of highest interest has been the near infrared (NIR) because of the relatively low water absorption and the deeper optical penetration into blood vessels [5,7,8]. Difficulties in the MIR range are the strong water absorption and the resulting background fluctuation for single-ended and contact methods. We developed a noninvasive and noncontacting technique, wavelength modulated differential laser photothermal radiometry (WM-DPTR) for continuous or intermittent glucose monitoring in the MIR range [31,32,33,34,35]. In the mid-infrared range (8.5μm – 10.5 μm) where WM-DPTR operates, non-glucose-specific tissue absorption and scattering are minimal, while they are common difficulties in the visible and near infrared regions. In this paper we extend the application of WM-DPTR to the measurement of serum-glucose in human skin in vitro, which is a crucial pre-clinical phase step
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