Abstract
Nonconforming people and activities challenge municipal governments. Using the US city of West Hollywood, California, as a case study, this paper argues planning tools such as design interventions for commercial streets cannot intentionally include nonconforming people or activities. West Hollywood drew national attention when it incorporated in 1984 as a progressive city with unique demographics, most notably a high percentage of gay residents. In the subsequent decades, it became a more exclusive city of leisure and entertainment. This case study helps explain why the redesign of its commercial streets became more exclusive despite the city's continued progressive politics and commitment to diversity.
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