Nonadiabatic and Multielectron Effects in the Attoclock Experimental Scheme* *Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2019YFA0307700 and 2016YFA0401100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11527807, 11774387, 11834015, 11847243, 11804374, 11874392, and 11974383), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB21010400), and the Science and Technology Department of

Abstract

The problem of how long it takes for an electron to tunnel from one side of a barrier to the other has been debated for decades and the attoclock is a promising experimental procedure to address this problem. In the attoclock experiment, many physical effects will contribute to the experimental results and it is difficult to extract the tunneling time accurately. We numerically investigate a method of measuring the residual equivalent temporal offset (RETO) induced by the physical effects except for tunneling delay. The Coulomb potential effect, the nonadiabatic effect, the multielectron effect, and the Stark effect are considered in the theoretical model. It is shown that the ratio of the RETO of the target atoms to that of H is insensitive to the wavelength and is linearly proportional to . This work can help to improve the accuracy of the attoclock technique.