Abstract
Nanocellulose has been reported to be a very useful biomaterial with applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, built industry, automobile, aerospace and many more. Its advantages over synthetic fibers include renewability, energy efficiency, cost effectiveness, biodegradability and good mechanical and thermal properties. However, the production of cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) has focused more on woody plant sources. Non-woody biomass constitutes a large group of plant sources that are yet to be given the proper attention for utilization as raw material for nanocellulose particle production. This group of lignocellulosic biomasses is generally obtained as waste from farming activities, home gardens or office wastes. They are majorly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. However, their composition varies widely from one plant source to another. The variation in their composition results in limitations in the procedures employed in extraction of CNPs and of processing of the extracted CNPs. This means that different biomasses may have different ways by which CNPs are extracted from them. Therefore, this review intends to x-ray these variations, its effect on the structural properties of extracted CNPs and possible ways such limitations can be mitigated.
Highlights
Concerns over environmental safety and sustainability have pushed mankind into search for alternative materials to replace less environmentally friendly material
The drive for advanced and eco-friendly material for various applications in homes, offices and industries has propelled material scientists to the discovery of cellulose nanoparticles (Abdul Khalil et al, 2016). These cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) have been found to possess superior physical, barrier, thermal and mechanical properties in comparison to other fibers extracted from the same sources (Salehpour et al, 2018; Sheikhi, 2019)
According to Alila et al (2013), the output of plants from crops and agricultural residues is huge and are receiving increasing attention. This group of biomass sources may constitute an important alternative for the extraction of cellulose in the nearest future. This is because the non-woody plants have shorter growth period; require moderate irrigation; have annual renewability, possess low lignin content and high annual yield of cellulose (Marques et al, 2010)
Summary
Concerns over environmental safety and sustainability have pushed mankind into search for alternative materials to replace less environmentally friendly material. According to Alila et al (2013), the output of plants from crops and agricultural residues is huge and are receiving increasing attention This group of biomass sources may constitute an important alternative for the extraction of cellulose in the nearest future. This is because the non-woody plants have shorter growth period; require moderate irrigation; have annual renewability, possess low lignin content and high annual yield of cellulose (Marques et al, 2010). This section seeks to review published reports, compare their common factors, and put together a scientific reason as reference for selecting an appropriate method or procedure for any CNP extraction According to reports, both hemicellulose and lignin are susceptible to chemical attacks. The extractives are within the range of non-polar to polar,
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