Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. At present, immunotherapy has made a great breakthrough in lung cancer treatment. A variety of immune checkpoint inhibitors have been applied into clinical practice, including antibodies targeting the programmed cell death-1, programmed cell death-ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4. However, in the actual clinical process, about 30%–50% of patients still do not receive long-term benefits. Abnormal antigen presentation, functional gene mutation, tumor microenvironment, and other factors can lead to primary or secondary resistance. In this paper, we reviewed the immune mechanism of immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance, various combination strategies, and prediction of biomarkers to overcome resistance in order to accurately screen out the advantageous population, expand the beneficiary population, and enable precise and individualized medicine.
Highlights
This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer
The results showed that the immune combined chemotherapy group could significantly double the levels of overall survival time (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and PFS2 [mean OS: 22.0 vs. 10.7 months, hazard ratio (HR): 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45–0.70; mean PFS: 9.0 vs. 4.9 months, HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.40– 0.58; and mPFS2: 17.0 vs. 9.0 months, HR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.40– 0.59]
In the latest Camel-sq study released by the European Lung Cancer Congress (ELCC) in 2021, carrizumab combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel combined with carboplatin chemotherapy regimen in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung squamous cell carcinoma, objective response rate (ORR) and PFS were significantly prolonged (ORR: 64.8% vs. 36.7%, PFS: 8.5 vs. 4.9 months) [39]
Summary
This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The main secretion of M2 suppresses cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), and the presence of antigen is weak, which inhibits T-cell activation and contributes to tumor immunity [7, 8]. VEGF/ VEGFR is expressed in most tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and it has been found to increase the risk of tumor recurrence, metastasis, and death. From the above trial results, for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutant population, the combination of four drugs can bring significant survival benefits to patients with advanced NSCLC [49]. Like the Checkmate-227 study, the Checkmate-9LA trial, presented at the 2020 World Conference on Lung Cancer (WCLC), aims to evaluate the efficacy of chemotherapy alone or navulizumab combined with two cycles of chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic NSCLC in Asian populations. This study is still under further study, and the results are worth looking forward to
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
