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Abstract
Background: Pesticide residues are a threat to the health of the global population, not only to farmers, applicators, and other pesticide professionals. Humans are exposed through various routes such as food, skin, and inhalation. This study summarizes the different methods to assess and/or estimate human exposure to pesticide residues of the global population. Methods: A systematic search was carried out on Scopus and web of science databases of studies on human exposure to pesticide residues since 2019. Results: The methods to estimate human health risk can be categorized as direct (determining the exposure through specific biomarkers in human matrices) or indirect (determining the levels in the environment and food and estimating the occurrence). The role that analytical techniques play was analyzed. In both cases, the application of generic solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up, followed by liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, is decisive. Advances within the analytical techniques have played an unquestionable role. Conclusions: All these studies have contributed to an important advance in the knowledge of analytical techniques for the detection of pesticide levels and the subsequent assessment of nonoccupational human exposure.
Highlights
Pesticides are important among agrochemicals as they are widely used in modern agriculture to control weeds and different pests affecting crops [1,2]
Two additional searches were carried out; the first aimed at collecting reviews published in the same period related to our scope of study (“pesticide exposure” and “pesticide detection extraction”; [title/abstract; review]), and the second aimed at collecting all available wastewater-based epidemiology studies published between January 2018 and March 2021
Extraction techniques reported in environmental matrices analyses were LLE, solid-phase extraction (SPE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), QuEChERS, and Soxhlet
Summary
Pesticides are important among agrochemicals as they are widely used in modern agriculture to control weeds and different pests affecting crops [1,2] They play an important role in improving agricultural production providing important benefits for humanity. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a “pesticide means any substance, or mixture of substances, of chemical or biological ingredients intended for repelling, destroying, or controlling any pest, or regulating plant growth” [3]. Pesticides differ in their physical and chemical properties, which define their mechanisms of action on target organisms [4,5]. Conclusions: All these studies have contributed to an important advance in the knowledge of analytical techniques for the detection of pesticide levels and the subsequent assessment of nonoccupational human exposure
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