Abstract

BackgroundWomen not only have worse diabetes complications, but also have menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause which can make managing diabetes more difficult. The aim of this study was to investigate if radial pressure wave analysis may non-invasively screen for women’s risk of type 2 diabetes.MethodsSpectrum analysis of the radial pressure wave was performed to evaluate the first five harmonic components, C1 to C5. The study consisted of a total of 808 non-pregnant female subjects aged 20–95 over the period of 4 years, and 404 of them were diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes as the case group.ResultThe first five harmonic components are significantly different in a comparison of the case group and the control group. In the logistic regression analysis, T2DM was found to be associated with C1 (OR = 1.055, CI = 1.037–1.074, p < 0.001), C2 (OR = 1.051, CI = 1.019–1.085, p = 0.002), and C3 (OR = 0.972, CI = 0.950–0.994, p = 0.013). In the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis, the Area Under Curve of using C3 only (70%, p <0.05), weighted C1, C2 and C3, (75%, p < 0.05), and weighted C1, C2 and C3 and Body mass Index (84%, p <0.05) were tested for the accuracy on how well these tests separate the women into the groups with and without the T2DM.ConclusionWe thus concluded that pulse spectrum was a non-invasive predictor for women’s risk of T2DM.

Highlights

  • Pregnancy and menopause have profound effects on the risks for diabetes and warrant more aggressive diagnostic attention and monitoring [1]

  • We concluded that pulse spectrum was a non-invasive predictor for women’s risk of T2DM

  • We found that the changes in female radial wave harmonics occur in the menstrual cycle [10], pregnancy [11], menopause [12], and dysmenorrhea [13]

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Summary

Introduction

Pregnancy and menopause have profound effects on the risks for diabetes and warrant more aggressive diagnostic attention and monitoring [1]. Wearable and non-invasive risk assessments make the large-scale screening for diabetes feasible. In addition to the widely used risk factors such as age and body mass Index (BMI) [4], incorporating non-invasive measurement strategies may further advance the prevention of diabetes for women in a cost effective and convenient way [5]. The 12-second noninvasive screening may especially provide an alternative for those women in remote regions and lower-middle-income countries who are less likely to be tested and diagnosed for their diabetes [8]. The aim of this study was to investigate if radial pressure wave analysis may non-invasively screen for women’s risk of type 2 diabetes

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