Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the deadliest forms of cancer affecting society today. Non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), through the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic changes they impose, have been found to be dysregulated to affect lung cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis. This review will briefly summarize hallmarks involved in lung cancer initiation and progression. For initiation, these hallmarks include tumor initiating cells, immortalization, activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressors. Hallmarks involved in lung cancer progression include metastasis and drug tolerance and resistance. The targeting of these hallmarks with non-coding RNAs can affect vital metabolic and cell signaling pathways, which as a result can potentially have a role in cancerous and pathological processes. By further understanding non-coding RNAs, researchers can work towards diagnoses and treatments to improve early detection and clinical response.
Highlights
Lung cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide [1,2]
This review will briefly summarize hallmarks involved in lung tumorigenesis and metastasis and focus on microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs that have been found to be dysregulated in lung tumors
Lung cancer is divided into two main categories: Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), which currently accounts for 85% of new lung cancer diagnoses and small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), which accounts for 15% of lung cancer diagnoses [7]
Summary
Lung cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide [1,2]. The average 5-year survival rate of patients with lung cancer has increased from 14% (1989–1995) [4] to 19% (2009–2015) [2] among patients in the United States during last two decades, further research is being conducted to increase the long-term survival of these patients. This review will briefly summarize hallmarks involved in lung tumorigenesis and metastasis and focus on microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) that have been found to be dysregulated in lung tumors. This can occur through different mechanisms of action in affecting the aforementioned hallmarks. The therapeutic value of targeting these non-coding RNAs will be evaluated
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