Abstract
Hypertension is a complex, multifactorial disease that involves the coexistence of multiple risk factors, environmental factors and physiological systems. The complexities extend to the treatment and management of hypertension, which are still the pursuit of many researchers. In the last two decades, various genes have emerged as possible biomarkers and have become the target for investigations of specialized drug design based on its risk factors and the primary cause. Owing to the growing technology of microarrays and next-generation sequencing, the non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have increasingly gained attention, and their status of redundancy has flipped to importance in normal cellular processes, as well as in disease progression. The ncRNA molecules make up a significant portion of the human genome, and their role in diseases continues to be uncovered. Specifically, the cellular role of these ncRNAs has played a part in the pathogenesis of hypertension and its progression to heart failure. This review explores the function of the ncRNAs, their types and biology, the current update of their association with hypertension pathology and the potential new therapeutic regime for hypertension.
Highlights
Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
In 2017, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) presented new guidelines that further lowered the definition of high blood pressure at 130/80 mmHg rather than 140/90 mmHg, which further highlights the importance of the early detection and intervention of hypertension [3]
Since the 1950s, various types of non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been uncovered in eukaryotic cells, including transfer RNAs, which make up the greatest number of RNA molecules with 10 tRNAs per ribosomal RNA, rRNA, messenger RNA, small nucleolar RNA, small nuclear RNA, miRNA, the RNA component of the signal recognition particle (7SL RNA), other long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNA, heterogeneous nuclear RNA and X-inactive-specific transcript RNA (Xist RNA) [16,17]
Summary
Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The development of hypertension is complex and multifactorial, attributed to both or either of the genetic and/or environmental factors involving at least the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, thrombogenesis, impaired platelet function and the sympathetic nervous system [6,7,8,9,10]. Two major types of ncRNA, namely microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been extensively studied in both hypertensive patients and animal models as outlined in a number of review papers [14,15]. This review will present an update of the most recent progress in both miRNAs and lncRNA focusing on their links to the physiological regulation and therapeutic potential in systemic hypertension
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