Non-carcinogenic risk assessment and sources apportionment of heavy metals in pomegranate in Anhui, China

Abstract

This study examined the concentrations, sources, and health risks associated with 7 heavy metals in Chinese pomegranates. The results showed that the heavy metal in pomegranates was within standard limits, and the accumulation of heavy metals was low. PCA showed that Cd and Hg in pomegranates originate from irrigation water, Zn, As, and Cu from soil, and Cr and Pb from fertilizers. MLR and Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis showed that soil and irrigation water were the primary sources of heavy metals in pomegranates, with Zn, As, Cu, and Pb primarily originating from soil, and Cd, Cr, and Pb predominantly coming from irrigation water. The presence of organic matter and Ca in soil influenced heavy metal accumulation in pomegranates, other properties (Mg, Fe, and pH value in soil) have minor effects. The TTHQ for both adults and children remained below 1, while the TTRisk exceeded 1×10−4, mainly due to the hazardous impact of As in water. The upper 95% uncertainty limit indicated that residents were exposed to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, primarily due to the toxicity of Cr in soil and As in water. Strengthening heavy metal screening in soil and water and enhancing pollution management policies are imperative.