Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) has brought about various global changes, as all devices will be connected. This article examines the latest 5G solutions for enabling a massive cellular network. It further explored the gaps in previously published articles, demonstrating that to deal with the new challenges. The mobile network must use massive multiple input and output (MIMO), nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA), orthogonal multiple access (OMA), signal interference cancellation (SIC), channel state information (CSI), and clustering. Furthermore, this article has two objectives such as (1) to introduce the cluster base NOMA to reduce the computational complexity by applying SIC on a cluster, which ultimately results in faster communication and (2) to achieve massive connectivity by proposing massive MIMO with NOMA and OMA. The proposed NOMA clustering technique working principle pairs the close user with the far user; thus, it will reduce computational complexity, which was one such big dilemma in the existing articles. This will specifically help those users that are far away from the base station by maintaining the connectivity. Despite NOMA’s extraordinary benefits, one cannot deny the significance of the OMA; hence, the other objective of the proposed work is to introduce OMA with MIMO in small areas where the user is low in number, it is already in use, and quite cheap. The next important aspect of the proposed work is SIC, which helps remove interference and leads to enhancement in network performance. The simulation result has clearly stated that NOMA has gained a higher rate than OMA: current NOMA users’ power requirement (weak signal user 0.06, strong signal user 0.07), spectral efficiency ratio for P-NOMA and C-NOMA (21%, 5%), signal-to-noise ratio OMA, P-NOMA, C-NOMA (28, 40, 55%), and user rate pairs NOMA, OMA (7, 3), C-NOMA, and massive MIMO NOMA SINR (4.0, 2.5).

Highlights

  • The Internet was considered as a network for connecting devices, such as desktop computers, laptops, routers, sensor nodes, smartphones, and home appliances [1]

  • This section is about simulation results of the current nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and proposed NOMA

  • This section compares the current NOMA with proposed NOMA in power allocation, spectral efficiency, sum rate, SNR (OMA, P-NOMA and C-NOMA), and SINR

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Summary

Introduction

The Internet was considered as a network for connecting devices, such as desktop computers, laptops, routers, sensor nodes, smartphones, and home appliances [1]. The interaction between these devices via the Internet is described as the Internet of Things (IoT). The internet users are growing rapidly as approximately 1000-fold data traffic has been increased by 2020 [2]. Spectral efficiency could become a key challenge to control such explosive data traffic [3]. Millimeter-wave communications, ultradense network, massive multipleinput and output (MIMO), and nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) have been proposed to address the 5th Generation challenges. NOMA schemes have gotten more attention as compared to other multiple access techniques, which is further divided into 2 phases, that is, power domain multiplexing [5, 6] and code domain multiplexing, including multiple access with low-density spreading (LDS)

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