(No) Wigner Theorem for C*-algebras

Abstract

Wigner’s Theorem states that bijections of the set [Formula: see text] of one-dimensional projections on a Hilbert space [Formula: see text] that preserve transition probabilities are induced by either a unitary or an anti-unitary operator on [Formula: see text] (which is uniquely determined up to a phase). Since elements of [Formula: see text] define pure states on the C*-algebra [Formula: see text] of all bounded operators on [Formula: see text] (though typically not producing all of them), this suggests possible generalizations to arbitrary C*-algebras. This paper is a detailed study of this problem, based on earlier results by R. V. Kadison (1965), F. W. Shultz (1982), K. Thomsen (1982), and others. Perhaps surprisingly, the sharpest known version of Wigner’s Theorem for C*-algebras (which is a variation on a result from Shultz, with considerably simplified proof) generalizes the equivalence between the hypotheses in the original theorem and those in an analogous result on (anti-)unitary implementability of Jordan automorphisms of [Formula: see text], and does not yield (anti-)unitary implementability itself, far from it: abstract existence results that do give such implementability seem arbitrary and practically useless. As such, it would be fair to say that there is no Wigner Theorem for C*-algebras.