Abstract

AbstractGlobal competition, shorter product cycles, individualized products, and faster technology innovation lead to more complex production systems. For the product life cycle, forecast of product demand, resource availability, and technology chances becomes a mission impossible. Applying a modularization strategy, future production systems are designed as no‐regret‐solutions that add risk minimization to profit maximization. Additive manufacturing and the Internet of Things will significantly improve economics of modular designs for the chemical‐pharmaceutical Industry.

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