Abstract
Recent cancer treatment modalities have been intensively focused on immunotherapy. The success of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for treatment of refractory B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia has pushed forward research on hematological malignancies. Among the effector types of innate lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells show great importance in immune surveillance against infectious and tumor diseases. Particularly, the role of NK cells has been argued in either elimination of target tumor cells or escape of tumor cells from immune surveillance. Therefore, an NK cell activation approach has been explored. Recent findings demonstrate that invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells capable of producing IFN-γ when optimally activated can promptly trigger NK cells. Here, we review the role of NKT and/or NK cells and their interaction in anti-tumor responses by highlighting how innate immune cells recognize tumors, exert effector functions, and amplify adaptive immune responses. In addition, we discuss these innate lymphocytes in hematological disorders, particularly multiple myeloma and acute myeloid leukemia. The immune balance at different stages of both diseases is explored in light of disease progression. Various types of innate immunity-mediated therapeutic approaches, recent advances in clinical immunotherapies, and iNKT-mediated cancer immunotherapy as next-generation immunotherapy are then discussed.
Highlights
Cancer immunotherapy, which works by activating the immune system, has become an important treatment option for several cancers
We focus on the effect of natural killer (NK) and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells on two hematological malignancies, multiple myeloma (MM) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
We summarized the importance of the biology of NK and iNKT cells, in MM and AML
Summary
Cancer immunotherapy, which works by activating the immune system, has become an important treatment option for several cancers. Recognize vitamin B metabolite antigens presented on the MHC-I related molecule MR1 [4,11] Such effector-type innate lymphocytes share several common characteristics to some extent, e.g., the secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) upon interaction with the ligand or antigen; their location, subset, and function differ. The frequency and function of intra-tumor or circulating iNKT cells have been assumed to correlate with overall survival (OS) in several types of cancers [32,33,34,35,36]. INKT cells play a role in immune surveillance against cancers in a direct or indirect manner
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