Nitrogen Oxides Emission Characteristics of Zero-Carbon Ammonia-Hydrogen Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines

Abstract

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">As a zero-carbon fuel and a hydrogen derivative, ammonia is promising for large-scale use in internal combustion engines under the global decarbonization background. Although ammonia fuel itself does not contain elemental carbon and cannot produce carbon dioxide, it contains elemental nitrogen and produces nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>X</sub>) emissions during combustion. Accordingly, it is essential to understand the formation and evolution of NO<sub>X</sub> during ammonia oxidation as a prerequisite for finding solutions to control NO<sub>X</sub> emissions. Since the emission formation is chemically reaction-driven, this paper investigates the ammonia low and high temperature oxidation processes via laminar flame and ideal reactor models, which can provide steady-state NO<sub>X</sub> formation characteristics to be studied and eliminate unpredictable turbulence and gradients of species concentration and temperature in the engine combustion chamber. Moreover, this study investigates the ammonia combustion process under thermodynamic conditions representative of the engine in-cylinder environment. One challenge in understanding the NO<sub>X</sub> formation mechanism during ammonia combustion is the coupling of fuel NO<sub>X</sub> (i.e., nitrogen from ammonia) and thermal NO<sub>X</sub> (i.e., nitrogen from the atmosphere). The main innovation of this article is the introduction of a methodology to decouple fuel nitrogen and atmospheric nitrogen. The results prove that this method is effective regardless of the operating conditions. In addition, unlike the thermal NO<sub>X</sub> whose concentration is related to temperature and residence time, fuel NO<sub>X</sub>, especially nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), are important intermediate species and are active in the reaction zone and during ignition. Furthermore, the concentration of fuel NO<sub>X</sub> and thermal NO<sub>X</sub> are of comparable order of magnitude and they are sensitive to the combustion boundary conditions (e.g., temperature, equivalence ratio, and hydrogen addition). Specifically, increasing the temperature favors the thermal NO<sub>X</sub> formation, and fuel-rich operation reduces both fuel NO<sub>X</sub> and thermal NO<sub>X</sub> concentrations. Also, mixing ammonia with hydrogen can increase fuel NO<sub>X</sub> and thermal NO<sub>X</sub> levels simultaneously. Consequently, the cost of using hydrogen as a combustion promoter to improve the ammonia chemical reactivity is to increase the difficulty of NO<sub>X</sub> emission control. Overall, all of these findings support the need for further fundamental research on ammonia combustion to accelerate the engine transition to carbon neutrality.</div></div>