Nifedipine Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Dedifferentiation via Downregulation of Akt Signaling

Abstract

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule that controls vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) contraction, proliferation, and differentiation. Here, we show that the calcium antagonist nifedipine inhibits VSMC dedifferentiation in vitro and in vivo. Differentiated VSMCs cultured on laminin-coated dishes were transferred to laminin-free dishes to induce dedifferentiation. Induction of dedifferentiation resulted in the upregulation of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain expression, a marker of dedifferentiation, and the downregulation of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain expression, a marker of differentiation. Nifedipine significantly inhibited both the induction of these phenotypic changes and upregulation of Akt signaling in these cells. Administration of nifedipine at a low concentration that did not affect blood pressure could inhibit the increase in nonmuscle myosin heavy chain expression and decrease in smooth muscle myosin heavy chain expression in a rat balloon-injury model. Furthermore, nifedipine suppressed neointimal hyperplasia and upregulation of Akt signaling. However, phospho-Akt expression was not suppressed in the regenerating arterial endothelium of the nifedipine-treated rats. The inhibitory effect of the downregulation of Akt signaling by dominant-negative Akt on the induction of VSMC dedifferentiation in the intima was identical to that of nifedipine. In contrast, upregulation of Akt signaling by transfection of the cells with a constitutively active Akt reversed the nifedipine-induced inhibition of VSMC dedifferentiation. In conclusion, nifedipine inhibits VSMC dedifferentiation by suppressing Akt signaling, thereby preventing neointimal thickening.