Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a major biological mechanism underpinning biological ageing process and age-related diseases. Inflammation is also the key response of host defense against pathogens and tissue injury. Current opinion sustains that during evolution the host defense and ageing process have become linked together. Thus, the large array of defense factors and mechanisms linked to the NF-κB system seem to be involved in ageing process. This concept leads us in proposing inductors of NF-κB signaling pathway as potential ageing biomarkers. On the other hand, ageing biomarkers, represented by biological indicators and selected through apposite criteria, should help to characterize biological age and, since age is a major risk factor in many degenerative diseases, could be subsequently used to identify individuals at high risk of developing age-associated diseases or disabilities. In this report, some inflammatory biomarkers will be discussed for a better understanding of the concept of biological ageing, providing ideas on eventual working hypothesis about potential targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies and improving, as consequence, the quality of life of elderly population.
Highlights
Ageing is a complex process, induced by an intricate interaction of genetic, epigenetic, stochastic and environmental factors
From all observations described above, chronic inflammation has been proposed as the major biological mechanism underpinning the entropic ageing process and age-related diseases [31,32,33,34,36]
The large array of defense factors and mechanisms linked to the Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB system seem to be involved in the entropic ageing process [2,25]
Summary
Ageing is a complex process, induced by an intricate interaction of genetic, epigenetic, stochastic and environmental factors. Among the endogenous NF-κB inducers, a particular action is mediated by oxidative stress, DNA damage and immune defense, which are typical features of the entropic ageing process and age-related diseases [25] These observations lead in considering NF-κB as hub of ageing inflammatory network, whose the mentioned factors act as NF-κB activators and pro-ageing factors. Potential strategies against ageing and age-related diseases: drug and nutrition interventions and life-style modifications, and their effects on targets of inflammatory network An excessive activation of NF-κB signaling pathway characterizes the entropic ageing process, responsible of inflamm-ageing and SASP phenotype, and the consequent onset of several age-related diseases [31,32,33,34,36]. The “metaorganisms” hypothesis evidences the use of dietary supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, as therapeutic strategy to preserve human health during that life period not foreseen by evolution- “ageing”-, that inexorably alters gut microbiota composition, stability and functionality [112,113]
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