New York's COVID-19 shelter-in-place and acute appendicitis inchildren

Abstract

On March 20th, 2020, New York City and State went into shelter-in-place in response to the surge of novel coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) cases. Located in central Queens, our hospital experienced a flood of adult cases to our emergency department. In contrast, pediatric emergency department (PED) visits were reduced to 13% compared to the same period a year prior. In a recent article, Kvasnovsky et al described an unchanged number of pediatric appendicitis cases at a single tertiary pediatric referral center during COVID-19 pandemic [[1]C.L. Kvasnovsky, Y. Shi, B.S. Rich, et al., Limiting hospital resources for acute appendicitis in children: Lessons learned from the U.S. epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Pediatr Surg, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.06.024Google Scholar]. Our experience at a large community-based hospital has been very different (Fig. 1). It would be instrumental for the authors to provide a breakdown of the numbers to identify patients presenting primarily to their institution and patients transferred in, and compare these numbers to years prior, as the number of cases may be confounded by pediatric care regionalization due to the COVID-19 epidemic [[2]Children's Hospital Association. Coordinating hospital care for children to increase capacity for the surge in COVID-19 patients. 2020. Available at: https://www.childrenshospitals.org/-/media/Files/CHA/Main/Quality_and_Performance/covid19/covid_cha_pediatric_consolidation_guidance.pdf. Accessed July 19, 2020Google Scholar]. The effects of New York's shelter-in-place orders on the incidence of disease are proving to be complex. It is expected and has been observed that infectious diseases will be affected by social isolation; as such, practice will reduce disease transmission. Similarly, accidental trauma, particularly related to outdoor activities, should also be decreased as children are confined to their households. Our experience with pediatric appendicitis is puzzling since this is not an entity whose incidence is expected to be dependent on social interaction. Our observation of a marked decrease in pediatric appendicitis cases presenting to our PED from our catchment area of the borough of Queens, NY, brings up several questions:1)Are there environmental or social factors that play a role in the incidence of this surgical condition? Previous studies have implicated seasonal, regional, or altitude variations as risk factors in acute appendicitis [[3]Deng Y. Chang D.C. Zhang Y. et al.Seasonal and day of the week variations of perforated appendicitis in US children.Pediatr Surg Int. 2010; 26: 691-696https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-010-2628-zCrossref PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar]. Several hypotheses create debate on the exact etiology of this condition, yet we still do not fully understand this disease. An infectious disease etiology has been implicated as a cause, which, if this is the case, can explain the reduction in appendicitis cases at the community level during lockdowns.2)What was the effect of public fear on the presentation of non-COVID diseases? Parental fear of seeking care during the pandemic is a potential contributing factor to this observed reduced incidence. Also, we expected a delay in appendicitis presentations and a consequent increase in complications. Interestingly, Kvasnovsky et al. reported no such observation.3)Finally, to answer whether the lockdown and social isolation did indeed reduce the incidence of pediatric appendicitis, one must look beyond isolated data from singular children's hospitals as these data do not reflect the exact pediatric appendicitis rate. The answer to that question may be found in a large regional epidemiological study to identify the true incidence of appendicitis during the lockdown. It is feasible that re-direction of patient presentation may account for differing numbers at various institutions. However, if indeed lower rates are observed, an environmental implication on pediatric appendicitis should be explored. Letter conception and design: Ameer Hassoun, Angela Kadenhe-Chiweshe and Manish Sharma. Data acquisition: Ameer Hassoun, Manish Sharma. Analysis and data interpretation: Ameer Hassoun. Drafting of the manuscript: Ameer Hassoun, Angela Kadenhe-Chiweshe and Manish Sharma. Reply to letter to the editor regarding New York's COVID-19 shelter-in-place and acute appendicitis in childrenJournal of Pediatric SurgeryVol. 56Issue 3PreviewThank you to Dr. Hassoun and colleagues [1] for their comments on our manuscript [2]. The varying experiences across the New York area during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in our region highlight how differences in access to care, transfers within and across hospital networks, and rates of the disease within neighborhoods make it difficult to track cases and efficiently allocate resources. Full-Text PDF