Abstract
The study aims to develop simple, sensitive, and selective methods for detecting methylphenidate in its bulk, dosage form and human urine. Sensing materials include β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD), and 4-tertbutylcalix[8]arene as ionophores or electroactive materials have been used for construction of sensors 1, 2, and 3, respectively; Potassium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl)borate (KTpClPB) as an ion additive was used and dioctyl phthalate as a plasticizer. The sensors displayed a fast, stable response over a wide concentration range of methylphenidate (8 × 10−6 M to 1 × 10−3 M) with 10−6 M detection limit over the pH range of 4–8. The developed sensors displayed a Near-Nernstian cationic response for methylphenidate at 59.5, 51.37, and 56.5 mV/decade for sensors β-CD, γ-CD, or 4-tertbutylcalix[8]arene respectively. Validation of the proposed sensors is supported by high accuracy, precision, stability, fast response, and long lifetimes, as well as selectivity for methylphenidate in the presence of different species. Sensitive and practical sensors for the determination of methylphenidate in bulk, in pharmaceutical forms and urine were developed and validated for routine laboratory use. The results were comparable to those obtained by HPLC method.
Highlights
Methylphenidate is a piperidine derivative that acts as an activator for the central nervous system used to treat hyperactivity and attention deficit
Methylphenidate inhibits the reuptake of catecholamines by blocking dopamine and norepinephrine transport, which increases the concentration of catecholamines at their active sites [3]
The current study describes the applicability of either β-CD, γ-CD, or 4-tert-butylcalix[8]arene as ionophores and potassium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl)borate as an ion additive to construct and develop new Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane sensors for methylphenidate
Summary
Methylphenidate is a piperidine derivative that acts as an activator for the central nervous system used to treat hyperactivity and attention deficit. Different analytical techniques for assaying of methylphenidate have been available, most of which rely on chromatographic methods [4–15] using HPLC-ultraviolet detection [4, 5], HPLC-fluorescence detection [6, 7], HPLC-chemiluminescence detection [8], HPLC-mass spectrometry [9–12], and enantiomeric resolution [13– 15]. Most of these methods incorporate sample treatments steps and require expensive instruments. We aimed to develop, for the first time, a cost effective potentiometric sensors for the detection of methylphenidate
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