Abstract
New metal-polymer nanocomposites for deep water deoxygenation have been obtained and studied. A macro- and monoporous sulphocation exchanger with a nanometer pore size was used as the polymer matrix, and the metal was nanodispersed copper deposited in the pores of the matrix. A specific feature of the studied nanocomposites is their sodium ionic form, which eliminates the possibility of the formation of soluble copper oxidation products. The established linear dependence of the copper capacity on the number of cycles of ion-exchange saturation - chemical deposition shows that the process of metal deposition into the pores of the matrix does not have significant obstacles during 10 cycles and contributes to the production of high-capacity samples.The high efficiency and duration of the life cycle of high-capacity copper ion exchanger nanocomposites have been shown. Experimental studies of water deoxygenation in column-type apparatus with a nanocomposite nozzle were confirmed by a theoretical analysis of the process dynamics. Experimental data and theoretical calculations showed the deep level of water deoxygenation had practically unchanged values of pH and electrical conductivity. Residual oxygen can be controlled and does not exceed 3 μg/l (ppb).The hygienic and economic substantiation of the expediency of using the obtained nanocomposites is provided. The necessity of using modern nanocomposite metal-polymer materials for deep water deoxygenation circulating in technological systems was analysed. When using this innovation, the metal components of the distribution facilities will be protected from corrosion and, therefore, the hygienic requirements for the water quality of centralised drinking water supply systems will be ensured. Deep chemical water deoxygenation using copper ion-exchange polymer nanocomposites in sodium formallows solving the problem of the corrosion resistance of metals, ensuring that water meets hygienic requirements on a large scale.The competitive advantage of the considered water deoxygenation system in comparison with the known systems is the rejection of the use of precious metals-catalysts (palladium, platinum), pure hydrogen, and complex design solutions. The proposed new nanocomposite installation for water deoxygenation is characterised by its ease of use and can be built into a filter system for water purification.SWOT analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method of water deoxygenation showed that its main advantages are the high oxygen capacity of the nanocomposite, low residual oxygen content (3 ppb (μg/l)) in the water, and ease of operation of the deoxygenator. Calculations of the economic efficiency of the nanocomposite have been carried out. The breakeven point is reached when producing only ~100 l of nanocomposite and a volume of sales ~1,600,000 roubles, above which a profit can be obtained. The payback period for an investment of ~15,000,000 roubles is rather short and will not exceed 2 years.
Highlights
The content of molecular oxygen in water to the level required for modern technological processes can be reduced, using traditional methods of deoxygenation: physical, chemical, electrochemical and sorption
The proposed approach to water deoxygenation is based on the reduction of oxygen by nanoparticles of reactive metals deposited in porous ion-exchange matrices, with the retention of oxidation products in them
The rather small particle sizes calculated from the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) results allowed us to conclude that the globules revealed on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were associates with a size of 100-200 nm, consisting of smaller structures with a size of about 10-30 nm
Summary
The content of molecular oxygen in water to the level required for modern technological processes can be reduced, using traditional methods of deoxygenation: physical, chemical, electrochemical and sorption. The proposed approach to water deoxygenation is based on the reduction of oxygen by nanoparticles of reactive metals deposited in porous ion-exchange matrices, with the retention of oxidation products in them. Metal-polymer nanocomposites are threedimensional polymer chains of highly porous materials, consisting of a polymer framework, metal nanoparticles, and, as a rule, fixed ionogenic groups and counterions. Nanocomposite materials, the outer and inner surfaces of which are open to highly efficient sorption, chemical, and electrochemical processes are obtained [6,7,8,9,10]. The metal in the ion-exchange matrix can be in the form of highly dispersed particles (usually, nanoparticles) in a zero-valent state or be a part of oxides, poorly soluble hydroxides, simple and complex salts, fixed in a polymer matrix. Due to the fact that metal-ion exchanger nanocomposites are capable of simultaneously electron (redox) and ion exchange reactions, they are called electron ion exchangers and belong to the class of redoxites
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