New constraints on modified Newtonian dynamics from galaxy clusters

Abstract

We revisit the application of modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) to galaxy clusters. We confront the high-quality X-ray data for eight clusters of galaxies observed by the XMM-Newton satellite with the predictions of MOND. We obtain a ratio of the MOND dynamical mass to the baryonic mass of M m /M b = 4.94 ± 0.50 in the outer parts (i.e. r ∼ 0.5R vir ), in the concordance cosmological model where the predicted asymptotic ratio, if any baryons are present, is 7.7 +1.4 -1.1 (at r ≥ 0.3R vir ). We confirm that the MOND paradigm lowers the discrepancy between the binding mass and the baryonic mass in clusters by a factor of ∼1.6 at about half the virial radius. However, at this radius about 80 per cent of the mass is still missing, and as pointed out by Sanders, this necessitates a component of dark baryons or neutrinos in the cluster core. Concerning the neutrino hypothesis, application of the new data requires a minimum neutrino mass of m v > 1.74 ± 0.34 eV to fill this gap. The corresponding 2a lower limit of m v > 1.06 eV is marginally inconsistent with the current constraints from the cluster number counts, and from the cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure data. MOND must invoke neutrinos to represent the main component that account for the missing mass problem in clusters.