Abstract
Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is one of the successful theories to explain the dark matter problem in galaxies. However, the data from clusters and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) indicate some dark matter should exist in larger scales. In addition, recent dynamical studies of clusters show that the effect of dark energy should not be ignored in cluster scale. In this article, I will demonstrate how dark energy affects the cluster mass calculation by using MOND. Also, I will show that the calculated cluster mass is consistent with the total matter to baryonic matter ratio obtained by the CMB data.
Highlights
The dark matter problem is one of the key issues in modern astrophysics
The total cluster mass is 1.172 ≈ 1.4 times larger than the one calculated by the classical Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND)
The calculated ratio of total matter to baryonic matter in clusters by using MOND matches the result of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) if we include the effect of dark energy
Summary
The dark matter problem is one of the key issues in modern astrophysics. The existence of cold dark matter (CDM) particles is the generally accepted model to tackle the darkmatter problem. The CDM model encounter many well-known unresolved issues such as the cusp problem [1,2], the missing satellite problem [3] and more recently the observation of the tidal dwarf galaxies [4] Another alternative theory uses the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) as the weak accelerationlimit of Einstein’s general relativity to explain the dark matter problem [5,6,7]. It is consistent with a wide range of observational data including the rotation curves of galaxies and the Tully-Fisher relation [6]. Angus (2009) shows that if MOND theory is needed to satisfy the fitting in CMB spectrum, a large amount of dark energy is required. I will show that the calculated cluster mass is consistent with the total matter to baryonic matter ratio obtained by the CMB data
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