Abstract
AbstractAdequate nutrition is essential to recover from injury. There is a close correlation between the severity of injury and the catabolism in the flow phase. During the last few years, many contraindications against the intravenous infusion of fat emulsions have been discussed and determined to be invalid. The development of clinical applicable intravenous fat emulsions and the introduction of all‐in‐one (AIO) solutions for continuous intravenous nutrition have been a great success in the care of injured patients with and without major complications. Careful investigations of the stability of fat emulsions in AIO solutions by examination of visible changes, light and electron microscopic abnormalities, zeta potential, and coulter counting of the size distribution of liposomes revealed that fat emulsions are now safe for long‐term complete parenteral nutrition.The metabolic response to trauma and operation is characterized by the ebb and flow phase. While the patients in the ebb or shock phase should not receive nutrition, patients in the flow or catabolic phase resulting from the combination of decreased nutritional intake and increased nutritional requirement due to injury and its complication as sepsis and organ failure should receive sophisticated intravenous nutrition. The most probable means of achieving sufficient nutrition without metabolic derangement is the partitioning of the energy supply on carbohydrates and fat and the continuous intravenous administration of an AIO solution. Data that have been gathered reveal that the partial use of fat as energy source in injured patients with and without major complications (diabetes mellitus, acute pancreatitis, acute renal failure, liver insufficiency, and sepsis) diminishes the metabolic derangements and improves the standard of nutritional care. After many years of worldwide experimental and clinical investigations, fat is contraindicated only in the shock phase and in primary or secondary disturbances of fat metabolism that lead to a triglyceride level in serum above 4.5 mmol/l during continuous intravenous nutrition.
Published Version
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