New approach in process intensification based on subcritical water, as green solvent, in propolis oil in water nanoemulsion preparation

Fatemeh Ghavidel,Hoda Jafarizadeh-Malmiri,Navideh Anarjan,Afshin Javadi

doi:10.1515/gps-2021-0022

Abstract

Abstract Subcritical water was used to provide propolis oil in water (O/W) nanoemulsions. To monitor and detect the main bioactive compounds of the prepared propolis extract, gas chromatography demonstrated that there were 47 bioactive materials in the propolis extract, among which pinostrobin chalcone and pinocembrin were the two key components. Effectiveness of two processing parameters such as the amount of saponin (0.5–2.0 g) and propolis extract (0.1–0.6 g), on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and antioxidant activity of the provided nanoemulsions, was evaluated. Results demonstrated that more desirable propolis O/W nanoemulsion, with minimum particle size (144.06 nm) and PDI (0.286), and maximum zeta potential (−21.71 mV) and antioxidant activity (90.86%) were made using 0.50 g of saponin and 0.53 g of propolis extract. Further analysis revealed that the prepared nanoemulsion based on optimum processing conditions had spherical shaped propolis nanodroplets in the colloidal solution with turbidity and maximum broad absorption peak of 0.08 a.u. and 292 nm, respectively. The prepared nanoemulsion had high antibacterial activity against both selected bacteria strains namely, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Highlights

Natural products, with distinctive biological and pharmaceutical attributes, have gained more attentions by numerous industries such as food, medicine, and agriculture, these days
To prepare the propolis extract, raw propolis was decontaminated from dusts and other bee residuals manually
Thereafter, provided propolis extract with different amounts of 0.1–0.6 g was mixed with the solutions using heater and stirrer for another 5 min

Summary

Introduction

With distinctive biological and pharmaceutical attributes, have gained more attentions by numerous industries such as food, medicine, and agriculture, these days Among these valuable natural compounds, propolis has been the subject of interest in traditional medicine because of its application in treating wounds and burns, sore throat, and stomach ulcer [1,2]. Propolis is known as bee glue, which is a sticky resinous compound and provided by bees (Apis mellifera) from different parts of plants such as flower, pollen, buds, branch, and exudates of tree [3,4,5] It mainly contains plant resin (50%), bees wax (30%), essential oils and aromatics (10%), pollen (5%), and several valuable bioactive components such as flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, ketones, phenolic acids and aldehydes, minerals, and vitamins [4,6,7,8]. The structure of oil in water (O/W) nanoemulsions is similar to

Methods

Results

Conclusion