Neutrophils block permeability increases induced by oxygen glucose deprivation in a culture model of the human blood–brain barrier

Abstract

Experimentally, oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) has been widely used to mimic the environmental conditions present during cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. OGD is known to increase permeability across cultured cerebral endothelial cells, which models the effect of IR on permeability across the blood–brain barrier (BBB); however, studies have yet to be performed in a human model. The effect of neutrophils on the increase in BBB permeability associated with IR injury has yet to be modeled in vitro. To address these questions, the human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 was exposed to OGD with reoxygenation, and permeability was measured for a range of OGD exposure times (1–24 h). One hour of exposure to OGD induced a reversible increase in permeability, unassociated with cytotoxicity (assessed from lactate dehydrogenase release). However, 12–24 h OGD exposures induced sustained increases in permeability associated with cytotoxicity. The 1 h permeability increase was inhibited with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors l-NAME (10 − 7 mol/l) and 1400W (10 − 7 mol/l). Neutrophils (5 × 10 6/ml) blocked the permeability increase associated with 1 h OGD, whether applied during or after OGD exposure. Permeability remained low if neutrophils were activated with leukotriene (Lt)B 4 (10 − 7 mol/l) or exposed to a transendothelial gradient of LtB 4, while neutrophil activation with phorbyl myristate acetate (4 × 10 − 8 mol/l) induced a small increase. Neutrophils had no effect on the permeability increase induced by 12 h OGD exposure. This study finds that OGD induces reversible increases in permeability linked to nitric oxide synthesis in a human culture model of the BBB and shows that neutrophils mitigate permeability increases in this context.