Abstract
Purpose The study evaluated the neuroprotective effect and pharmacokinetic profile of turmeric extract and their metabolites in the blood and brain in an aluminum-induced neurotoxic animal model. Methods Swiss albino mice received turmeric extract (TE), TE-essential oil combination (TE+EO) at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg/day orally, vehicle (control), and a positive control group. Neurotoxicity was induced by injecting aluminum chloride (40 mg/kg/day, i.p.), and the effect of the intervention was studied for 45 days. The pharmacokinetic and behavioral biochemical markers of brain function and brain histopathological changes were evaluated. Results The AUC 0-t showed a 30.1 and 54.2 times higher free curcumin concentration in plasma with 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of TE+EO vs. TE, respectively. The concentration of free curcumin in the brain was 11.01 and 13.71-fold higher for 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of TE+EO vs. TE, respectively. Aluminum impairs spatial learning and memory, which was significantly reversed with TE+EO by 28.6% (25 mg/kg) and 39.4% (50 mg/kg). In the elevated plus maze test, 44.8% (25 mg/kg) and 67.1% (50 mg/kg) improvements were observed. A significant reduction in aluminum-induced lipid peroxidation was observed. Also, the levels of glutathione, acetylcholinesterase, and catalase were improved with TE+EO. Damage to the hippocampal pyramidal cells was averted with TE+EO. Conclusion The neuroprotective and antioxidant response confirms the benefits of TE+EO against aluminum-induced neurotoxicity. The presence of free curcumin and its metabolites in the brain and plasma establishes its improved bioavailability and tissue distribution. Therefore, the benefits of TE+EO could be harnessed in neurodegenerative diseases.
Highlights
Human exposure to aluminum (Al) occurs through the environment, diet, and occupation [1]
turmeric extract (TE)+EO - 25 mg TEessential oil combination (TE+EO) - 50 mg TE - 25 mg TE - 50 mg homogenate, were 374.4 : 1 and 279.6 : 1, and those of TE-25 and TE-50, respectively, were 12.5 : 1 and 15.2 : 1. The results showed that free curcumin and curcuminoids from TE+EO were distributed in the brain tissue and significantly higher than that of TE
The present study demonstrated the potential of formulated turmeric extract and essential oil combination in attenuating Al-induced cognitive deficits and toxicity in mice
Summary
Human exposure to aluminum (Al) occurs through the environment, diet, and occupation [1]. The major sources of contact are cookware, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. Aluminum can enter the systemic circulation through the gastrointestinal tract and lungs [2]. Nearly 10 mg of Al is taken into the human body, and up to 1% of Al undergoes absorption. Aluminum readily traverses through the blood-brain barrier exerting a detrimental impact on the central nervous system [3]. Elevated concentrations of Al have been observed in the hippocampus, cortex, and corpus callosum [4]. Chronic use of Al actuates the neuroinflammatory process by elevating the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and raising the risk of neuronal damage [5]. Aluminum is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis [1]
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