Abstract
A growing field of studies is focusing on the microbiota-gut-brain axis in order to better understand the bidirectional communication pathways between gut bacteria and the CNS. The pathophysiology of neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease and autism has been attributed to dysregulation of gut-brain axis. Fecal microbiota transplantation is the method of transferring faeces from a healthy donor into the intestine of a recipient in order to restore the recipient's weakened intestinal flora. It's been used to treat a wide range of conditions, including recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut-brain psychology will aid studies on subjects such as character, memory and behaviour and will contribute to the advancement of general psychology as well as will add more light in the field of neuropsychology. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, for example, are essential components of the gut microbiota. Oligosaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids, dietary fibers and polyphenols are the most popular prebiotics. Traditional fermented foods including yoghurt, natto and pickles help to balance the gut bacteria. The gut microbiota is shaped by a person's diet and gut-brain function is controlled by it. Different types of microbiota have different effects on the brain and actions through the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Via the microbiota-gut-brain axis, a healthy diet leads to a healthy gut microbiota and brain and mental health. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been shown to trigger depression-like behaviours in GF mice. Proinflammatory mediators such as iNOS, ROS, COX2 and NF-B are released by microglia, resulting in neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. It is becoming more widely recognized as a symptom of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The establishment of gut-brain psychology is expected to have a significant impact on psychology and related disciplines.
Highlights
The discovery that the gut microbiota and the microbiome play a role in preserving homoeostasis and controlling almost every major body system, including the CNS, has ushered in a biomedical revolution over the last two decades
It's unclear if the gut microbiota is causal, but its facilitation of pathogenesis and potentiation of severity in disease models indicates it's a side effect of the underlying aetiology
Gut microbiota dysbiosis is significantly linked to altered tryptophan and bile acid metabolism. These findings indicate that dysbiotic gut microbiota is a contributing factor in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and may be linked to the production of MDD
Summary
The discovery that the gut microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms that live in the gut) and the microbiome (the genetic material of the microbiota) play a role in preserving homoeostasis and controlling almost every major body system, including the CNS, has ushered in a biomedical revolution over the last two decades. A new field of research known as the “microbiota-gut-brain axis” is being carried out to illuminate bidirectional messaging mechanisms in the GI tract and the central nervous system [1, 2]. Dysregulation of this axis has been linked to the pathophysiology of neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease [3], autism spectrum disorder [4, 5], Parkinson's disease [6, 7] and depression in the last 5 years [8,122]. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur 441 002 (M.S.), India
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