Abstract
Children with meningomyelocele (MMC) frequently have strabismus and other ocular motility disturbances (Lennerstrand and Gallo, 1990, Lennerstrand et al., 1990). MMC is often combined with hydrocephalus (HC) and Chiari malformations mostly of type II, as shown in recent studies with magnetic resonance imaging (MR) (Samuelsson et al., 1987). These deformities involve structures in the upper brain stem that control vertical eye movements and vergence movements, as well as parts in the lower brain stem generating horizontal versional movements, and in the cerebellum controlling saccadic and pursuit movements (Leigh and Zee, 1983). In addition concomitant strabismus is often seen in children with general brain damage, for example as a result of hydrochephalus (von Noorden, 1985). Thus, there are many possible neurological causes for the motility disturbances in children with MMC.
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