Neurological Complications in Cardiac Surgery

Abstract

Perioperative neurological complications have a significant impact on mortality, morbidity, and quality of life in a growing number of high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. In this comprehensive review, we provide an outline of the current literature with regard to stroke, perioperative neurocognitive disorders (delirium and cognitive decline), postoperative visual loss, and peripheral nerve injury in cardiac surgery. Cardiac surgeons, anesthesiologists, and critical care specialists are facing a new population of cardiosurgical patients who are older and sicker than in previous decades. If neurological complications occur during or after cardiac surgery, they may be devastating. We give insights into the etiology, underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, incidences, and risk factors of these complications. Current international guidelines and preventive strategies are also discussed. Despite technological and surgical progress aimed to reduce neurological injury in the perioperative period, neurological complications remain prevalent in cardiosurgical patients. An increased awareness of this problem will encourage appropriate risk management, frequent neurological assessments, and prompt therapeutic interventions.