Neuroglia in Neurodegeneration: Exploring Glial Dynamics in Brain Disorders

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases represent a significant global health burden, characterized by progressive loss of neuronal function and structure. While traditionally viewed as primarily neuronal disorders, recent research has highlighted the crucial roles of neuroglia-astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes in the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases. This review explores the dual nature of glial cells in neurodegenerative processes, focusing on their protective and potentially harmful functions in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and other neurodegenerative disorders. We examine the complex interactions between different glial cell types and neurons, highlighting recent discoveries in glial-neuronal metabolic coupling, neuroinflammation, and protein aggregation. Advanced technologies, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, have revealed unprecedented glial heterogeneity and disease-specific glial states, reshaping our understanding of these cells’ roles in health and disease. The review also discusses emerging concepts in neuroglial research, including the role of extracellular vesicles in disease propagation, epigenetic regulation of glial function, and the application of artificial intelligence in glial biology. Finally, we explore the therapeutic implications of targeting glia in neurodegenerative diseases, addressing both the promising avenues and challenges in developing glial-focused interventions. By integrating recent advances in neuroglial research, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the field and highlights future directions for research and therapeutic development. Understanding the complex roles of neuroglia in neurodegenerative diseases is crucial for developing more effective treatments and ultimately improving patient outcomes.