Abstract
Background: Fibrosis is a major grafting-related complication that leads to fat tissue dysfunction. Macrophage-induced inflammation is related to the development of fat tissue fibrosis. Necroptosis is a recently discovered pathway of programmed cell necrosis that results in severe inflammation and subsequent tissue fibrosis. Thus, in this study, we investigated the role of macrophage necroptosis in fat graft fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms.Methods: Fibrosis and necroptosis were investigated in mouse fat tissue before and after grafting. An in vitro “crown-like” structure (CLS) cell culture model was developed by co-culturing RAW 264.7 macrophages with apoptotic adipocytes to reproduce in vivo CLS macrophage-adipocyte interactions. Lipid uptake and necroptosis in CLS macrophages were analyzed using Oil-Red-O staining, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. RAW264.7 macrophages were cultured alone or with apoptotic adipocytes and treated with a necroptosis inhibitor (Nec-1 or GSK872) to explore the paracrine effect of necroptotic CLS macrophages on collagen synthesis in fibroblasts in vitro. Mice were treated with Nec-1 to analyze the effect of blocking necroptosis on fat graft fibrosis.Results: Fibrosis was increased after grafting in fat grafts of mice. Macrophages clustered around apoptotic adipocytes or large oil droplets to form a typical CLS in fibrotic depots. This was accompanied by formation and necroptosis of macrophage foam cells (MFCs) in CLSs. RAW 264.7 macrophages co-cultured with apoptotic adipocytes induced CLS formation in vitro, and lipid accumulation in CLS macrophages resulted in the formation and necroptosis of MFCs. Necroptosis of MFCs altered the expression of collagen I and VI in fibroblasts via a paracrine mechanism involving inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, which was reversed by GSK872 or Nec-1 treatment. Furthermore, treatment with Nec-1 ameliorated fat graft fibrosis in mice.Conclusion: Apoptotic adipocytes induced necroptosis of MFCs, and necroptosis of these cells activated collagen synthesis in fibroblasts via a paracrine mechanism. Inhibition of necroptosis in macrophages is a potential approach to prevent fibrosis in fat grafts.
Highlights
Fat grafting is a promising regenerative cell-directed therapy that has shown good results in several applications such as breast augmentation and reconstruction, treatment of contour deformities and scars, and wound healing (Klinger et al, 2008; Slack et al, 2014; Condé-Green et al, 2015; Katzel and Bucky, 2017; Ruan et al, 2019)
Adipose Tissue Fibrosis Is Increased in Fat Graft Tissue
Because aberrant inflammation is closely related to tissue fibrosis, we explored the role of inflammation in fat graft fibrosis
Summary
Fat grafting is a promising regenerative cell-directed therapy that has shown good results in several applications such as breast augmentation and reconstruction, treatment of contour deformities and scars, and wound healing (Klinger et al, 2008; Slack et al, 2014; Condé-Green et al, 2015; Katzel and Bucky, 2017; Ruan et al, 2019). Macrophages clear apoptotic/dead adipocytes by engulfing their remains, which mainly consist of large lipid droplets (Mashiko and Yoshimura, 2015), via an efferocytosis process (Boada-Romero et al, 2020). This leads to the formation of lipid-laden macrophages known as macrophage foam cells (MFCs; Webb and Moore, 2007; Hagit et al, 2013). Whether MFCs are present and affect inflammation in fat tissue, thereby regulating tissue remodeling after grafting, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Fibrosis is a major grafting-related complication that leads to fat tissue dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the role of macrophage necroptosis in fat graft fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms
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