Abstract
Exemplifying the tsunami source immediately after an earthquake is the most critical component of tsunami early warning, as not every earthquake generates a tsunami. After a major under sea earthquake, it is very important to determine whether or not it has actually triggered the deadly wave. The near real-time observations from near field networks such as strong motion and Global Positioning System (GPS) allows rapid determination of fault geometry. Here we present a complete processing chain of Indian Tsunami Early Warning System (ITEWS), starting from acquisition of geodetic raw data, processing, inversion and simulating the situation as it would be at warning center during any major earthquake. We determine the earthquake moment magnitude and generate the centroid moment tensor solution using a novel approach which are the key elements for tsunami early warning. Though the well established seismic monitoring network, numerical modeling and dissemination system are currently capable to provide tsunami warnings to most of the countries in and around the Indian Ocean, the study highlights the critical role of geodetic observations in determination of tsunami source for high-quality forecasting.
Highlights
1.1 The Indian Tsunami Early Warning CentreThe Indian mainland and Islands are located in a zone of significant seismic activity, where many earthquakes and accompanying tsunamis have been observed and recorded
The Global Position System (GPS) stations operated by the GPS Earth Observation Network (GEONET) of Japan recorded the deformation caused by the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake
Traditional methods of earthquake magnitude estimation only based on seismic data and the prediction of tsunami wave heights can go wrong if the earthquake mechanism is not taken in account in addition to its magnitude
Summary
The Indian mainland and Islands are located in a zone of significant seismic activity, where many earthquakes and accompanying tsunamis have been observed and recorded. Since its inception in October 2007 till April 2016, the Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC) successfully monitored 502 earthquakes of M ≥ 6.5, out of which 83 were in the Indian Ocean region (both on land and under-sea) For all these major events in the Indian Ocean, timely advisories were generated based on estimated time of wave arrivals & wave heights and later revised based on water level observations and informed the stake holders through subsequent bulletins. Recent analysis showed that by using GPS displacements, it is possible to calculate how far the stations moved because of the quake and that in turn helped in deriving an earthquake’s true size, called moment magnitude This magnitude is directly related to earthquake’s potential for generating tsunamis (Blewitt et al, 2009; Singh et al, 2012). This method allows the rapid estimation of seismic moment tensor solutions and the earthquake source determination in a shortest possible time compared to the traditional approaches
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